The aim of the present study was to identify the mastitis-causing yeasts from quarters with subclinical mastitis and to evaluate the effect of the teat-end lesions on the outcome of mycotic mastitis. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 9 dairy herds located in Tiaret province, western Algeria. The clinical status of 752 quarters was determined by clinical examination and the California Mastitis Test (CMT). The teat-end condition was assessed visually and scored on a scale of 1 to 5, and the mastitis-causing yeasts were identified using API 20C AUX system. Mould identification at the genera level was based on the macroscopic and microscopic criteria. Out of 752 examined quarters, 261 (34.7%) quarters tested positive for CMT. Fungal agents were found in 5.75% of milk samples (15/261), with the predominance of Candida spp. The most frequent species was Candida tropicalis followed by C.albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus albidus, Geotrichum capitatum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Penicellium spp. The analysis of the data indicated no association between teat-end lesions and the prevalence of mycotic mastitis (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.047). The outcome of the present study pointed out the implementation of fungi in mastitis and consequently their influence on the milk’s microbiological quality.
improve nursing practice, to provide more professional care, to increase their autonomy, nurses need to engage and utilize more and more evidence based practice. Although there is a consensus among healthcare providers, that the application of evidence-based practice is beneficial for both patients and health institutions, still now there are procrastinating and obstacles in the application of these practices in some health care facilities. Objectives: this study aims to assess the main challenges faces nurses to implement evidence-based nursing practices in three tertiary hospitals using a descriptive cross –section study design. Setting: This study was conducted at three governmental tertiary hospitals in Taif city –Saudi Arabia. Sampling: for this study the sample was taken from nurses working in these three hospitals by convenience sampling method. The results of this study showed that (55%) of nurses were not practicing evidence-based nursing practice (EBNP)N before. Moreover the findings of study revealed that subjects were had poor awareness about steps and resources of evidence based practice (EBP). Furthermore the most common barrier faced study nurses were insufficient time to find research reports (58%), lack of authority to change practice (66%), lack of supportive from colleagues (61.5%) and insufficient support from doctors.
Identifying of anomalous observations has received a great deal of attention in the statistical literature in the context of ordinary least squares estimator (OLSE). However, the explanatory variables can be inter correlated with each other and alternatives to OLSE come out to address anomalous observations and multicollinearity, simultaneously. In this research paper, I use global influence technique to identify anomalous observations in modified Liu estimator (MLE) proposed by Li and Yang (2012). MLE is superior, in the mean square error matrix sense, to the OLSE, Liu estimator (LE), ridge regression estimator (RRE) and modified ridge regression estimator MRRE). When MLE is used to mitigate the effects of multicollinearity, the anomalous observations can be drastically modified. This paper is aimed to analyze global influence techniques to identify anomalous observations in MLE. To illustrate the methodologies derived in this paper two multicollinearity real data sets were used to identify anomalous observations using global influence techniques. Approximate case deletion influence measures are also proposed for the MLE