Background: The referral from various medical and surgical departments to consultation-liaison unit is an indicator of psychiatric co-morbidity among admitted patients with no apparent psychiatric disorder. \nObjective: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the pattern of psychiatric referral to the consultation-liaison unit, in addition to evaluating the reason for referral, psychiatric morbidity, and socio-demographic profiles of referred patients.\nMethods: This descriptive study was conducted from January-2015 to December-2017. The study population comprised of all the patients who were referred for psychiatric consultation to the psychiatric hospital Taif from other in-patient departments of the two general hospitals in Taif city King Abdul Aziz specialist hospital Taif and King Faisal hospital Taif.\nResults: A total of 1041 patients were referred for psychiatric consultation, during the study period. The majority of the psychiatric referrals (48.2%) were from the department of medicine followed by surgery (32.0%). The most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders were depression (21.3%) followed by Schizophrenia(10.2%). The common reasons for referral were; referral for evaluation (49.2%) and behavioural disturbance (15.7%). The frequent medical diagnosis among referred patients was Diabetes Mellitus(15.1%) followed by drug overdose(13.7%).\nConclusion: The common reasons for referral were for behavioural disturbances. Patients with Diabetes and drug overdose were more frequently referred to the consultation-liaison unit in this study. The identification and in time management of psychiatric co-morbidity could go a long way in curbing the costs of medical illness and ensure a faster recovery.
Islamic banking is an attempt to curb the evils of disparity, unemployment and inflation. It is devoid of pretense, duplicity, indistinctness, interest and exploitation and promotes business in an environment which is based on profit loss sharing and encourages manpower to work with minimum anxiety of returning any accumulated usury. This paper attempts to have an overview of Islamic banking history, especially with reference to Pakistan. The main objective of this research is to investigate the challenges faced by Islamic banking in the process of its implementation and the prospects in the near future. Findings revealed that lack of human capital, shariah experts vsislamic bankers, academia ,training ,marketing and public awareness, non-availability of suitable benchmarking, central shariah council/jurists, economy-capital ownership, complete solution for business community as the key challenges affecting Islamic banking development. Recommendations are also given to do the need full.