Staphylococcal species is an important nosocomial pathogen. The increasing rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has led to an enlarged use of antimicrobial drug for instance macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B (MLSB) as an alternative approach to treat such infections. The resistance to MLSB can be facilitated by erm genes coding for enzymes that entail inducible (iMLSB) or constitutive (cMLSB) resistance to MLSB antibiotics. Objectives: The aim was to determine the occurrence of inducible clindamycin resistance (iMLSB) among staphylococcal isolates and to detect erm genes in these isolates. Methods: Fifty staphylococcal isolates were collected from patients attending Theodor Bilharz Research Institute. The mecA- mediated oxacillin resistance was identified by disc diffusion. The iMLSB resistance phenotype among staphylococcal isolates was detected by D-test. The ermA, ermB and ermC genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Results: S. aureus was identified in 70%, of which 62.9% were MRSA and 37.1% were methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) was recognized in 30%, of which 86.7% was methicillin resistant CoNS (MR-CoNS) and 13.3% were methicillin susceptible CoNS (MS-CoNS). MRSA, MSSA, MRCoNS and MSCoNS isolates were resistant to erythromycin in 63.6%, 30.8%, 92.3% and 100% respectively. D-test results revealed that iMLSB cMLSB and MSB resistance phenotypes were detected in 28%, 24% and 12% respectively. The iMLSB was determined in 20%, 38.5% and 27.3% of CoNS, MSSA and MRSA isolates respectively. The cMLSB were detected only in MR-CoNS (53.8%) and MRSA (22.7%) isolates. MSB were observed in MRSA, MR-CoNS and MSCoNS in 4.5%, 30.8% and 50% correspondingly. The ermC gene was the most prevalent gene (88%), followed by ermB gene (74%) and were found simultaneously in 68% of the isolates while ermA gene was absent in all isolates. The ermC was the prevalent gene detected among MSSA, MRSA and MS-CoNS isolates in 100%, 90.9% and 100% respectively, while ermB was the predominant gene in MR-CoNS (76.9%). The ermC was the prevalent gene among the iMLSB, cMLSB and MS resistance phenotypes in 85.7%, 100% and 83.3% respectively while ermB was determined in iMLSB, cMLSB and MSB in 64.3%, 75% and 50% respectively. Conclusion: The iMLSB was the most frequent resistance phenotype and ermC was the predominant gene among the staphylococcal isolates. Routine testing for iMLSB resistant strains by D test is critical to recognize the strains which endure vulnerable to clindamycin regardless of macrolide resistance, so as to avoid failure of the treatment.
This study aimed to develop and validate a Worktext in Fundamentals of Mathematics for first year teacher education students. This study used the developmental research design. The worktext in Fundamentals of Mathematics was prepared based on the course syllabus and competencies prescribed by the Professional Regulation Commission. The worktext was evaluated by Mathematics experts and was revised incorporating their suggestions. Employing quasi-experimental research, the effectiveness of the worktext was tested among first year students wherein the performance of the students in the experimental group was compared with that of the non-users in the control group. Based on the experts’ and students’ evaluation, the worktext in Fundamentals of Mathematics was very satisfactory in content, appropriateness to the students’ ability, language and style, sequence and organization, and usefulness. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the posttest mean score of the experimental group than the control group. Therefore, the developed worktext was a valid and effective instructional material in improving students’ performance in mathematics.