A charged particle in an electromagnetic field is discussed using the Dirac equation of the free electron. The time-dependent components of the spin expectation value are calculated. The results are interesting from the educational point of view as they modify the views often expressed in the literature concerning the direction quantization of the spin vector. As a second step, the Maxwell equations of electrodynamics are extended into 4-dimensional Minkovsky space. Two special cases together with the most general case of 𝑁 electrons in an electromagnetic field are discussed in detail and the relativistic limit 𝑣 → 𝑐 is numerically evaluated. On the other hand, for 𝑣 ≪ 𝑐 the well-known classical results are reproduced.

In this investigation water hyacinth (WH) is used for bioethanol extraction and blended with diesel (v/v) to experimentally investigate diesel engine performance and emission. The response surface methodology (RSM) technique with three engine operating variables like (i) Load, (ii) Compression ratio (CR) and (iii) Fuel Injection pressure (FIP) has been implemented experimentally to study diesel engine performance and emission by using different bioethanol diesel blends. The quadratic polynomial equations were obtained to predict output response like: Brake power (BP), Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), Brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), and NOx emission. Results show that 5 BED (5% bioethanol and 95 % Diesel (v/v)) and 10 BED (10% bioethanol and 90 % Diesel (v/v)) produces significant performance output than other bioethanol diesel blends

This study attempts to find out various cultural aspects that have influenced on professionalism of accountants. The aim at this study is to explore a different approach to examine the influence of culture on accountant’s professionalism by using Schwartz’s (1992) model (universal structure of individual-level human motivational values) in domain of accounting. We use Gray model for detecting of professionalism. The findings of this study show that professionalism of accountants is affected by motivational values. Results show that security from motivational values can be influence on professionalism.

Objective: The current study aimed to compare sub-pleural analgesia with thoracic epidural analgesia in patients undergoing thoracotomy.\nMethods: This randomized study was carried out at Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital. Thirty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-III patients were scheduled for elective diagnostic thoracotomy. Patients were randomized to receive either patient controlled sub-pleural analgesia or patient controlled thoracic epidural analgesia for 24-h post-thoracotomy pain control. The two groups received a mixture of 3 µg/ml fentanyl along with 0.05% bupivacaine solution through a PCA pump. Rescue analgesia was administered with intravenous 100 mg tramadol IV in both groups. A visual analogue scale was used to assess pain at rest and on coughing during the first 24 h postoperatively.\nResults: In the SPA group, all patients required rescue analgesia. Five patients (33%) required rescue analgesia in TEA group (p<0.05). Patients who received sub-pleural analgesia had higher visual analogue scores at rest and on coughing than those who received thoracic epidural analgesia. None of the patients had any side effects like hypotension or respiratory depression postoperatively.\nConclusion: Thoracic epidural analgesia is superior to sub-pleural analgesia in relieving post-thoracotomy pain. The authors suggest effective drug dosage studies for providing sub-pleural analgesia are needed.

One of the main uses of cloud bursting technique in hybrid cloud environment is accelerating the application executions time to meet applications deadline, where the deadline represents the level of QoS required by users. To meet the application deadline, that needs dynamic resources provisioning algorithms that examines when and how many resources are needed. In this work, we investigate the percentage of time when the deadline is violated due to the delay in cloud VMs boot time. We applied our calculations on some of the existing dynamic provisioning algorithms. Also in case of deadline violation, we suggest using local resources for a finite number of iterations before requesting resources from public cloud. The result shows that there is tradeoffs between the delay and number of cloud resources where based on the number of times use of local resources, the number of cloud resources will decrease and the delay after deadline violation will increase.

The main and most basic requirements of cloud computing are scalability, economy and service responsiveness [1]. Cloud cache proxy helps in achieve these three goals by reducing bandwidth consumption, reducing data transfer cost and reducing user response time. Unfortunately, providing a requested object from a cloud proxy is not guaranteed due to the limitation of the proxy cache size that prevents the cloud proxy from saving all objects in its cache. Thus cloud proxy needs to be equipped with an efficient cache replacement policy to control the provision of enough room inside limited cache spaces on the fly for caching missed objects. In this paper, we present an enhanced cache replacement policy that fits to cloud computing paradigm and integrates significant factors comprehensively. Moreover, the enhanced cache replacement policy adapts to the usage patterns by learning from proxy logs to construct a fast and accurate Naive Bayes classifier that is able to forecast the class of objects, either object to be revisited or not revisited. Moreover, we build a load balanced proxy system framework to evaluate the enhanced cache replacement policy in term of response time. The experimental results indicate that the proposed cache replacement policy attain optimal hit and byte-hit ratios as well.

The purpose of the manuscript is to develop a conceptual framework for relation between peace and security and their effects on accelerating sustainable development cycle and also indicates impacts of corporate governance mechanisms on sustainable development cycle. The researcher attempts to answer the following key research question:\nHow do corporate governance mechanisms affect peace, security and accelerating sustainable development cycle? The proposed Conceptual Model provides a framework to guide policy makers for optimal decisions that can improve process of sustinable development in countries. By identifying the most important peace and security attributes and linking them to corporate governance mechanisms, this manuscript attempts to fill a research gap by building a conceptual framework. The framework may be useful for all practitioners and managers that they are development planers.

Odour pollution from livestock farm is the type of pollution that can adversely affect the surrounding community, particularly the sensitive receivers. The source of the odour may come from various sources such as poultry, goat, cattle, buffalo, pig and bird farms. The impact of the odour not only limited to the physical environment but also on human environment. Sensitive receivers around the sources of the odour are exposed to disturbances such as physiological psychological health issues. This paper presents a study on the perception of the sensitive receivers towards the odour pollution from the nearby livestock farms. A purposive survey was conducted on 104 respondents living around three livestock farms for poultry, goat and cattle. The respondents were selected based on the distance of their homes from the location of the livestock farms within a radius of 200 meters. Results indicated that there was a variance in the perception of the respondents in response to each type of livestock farms. The spread of odour was found to be high from the poultry and cattle farms in the morning. While odour from the goat farms had its peak hours at night. More than half of the respondents indicated that other meteorological factors such as rain and strong wind also contributed to the distribution of the odour. The common health, psychological and physiological issues faced by the sensitive receivers were headaches, discomfort and reduction of outdoor activities. In summation, the results indicated that 2/3 percent of the sensitive receivers regularly experienced odour pollution from each type of the livestock farms